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In 1988, Richard Rhodes, a historian and a journalist who wrote a definitive study of the creation of the atomic bomb, published an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association called “Man-made Death: A Neglected Mortality.” Rhodes argued that demographers and public-health officials ought to take greater care to account for deaths caused by war, neglect, privation, and other effects of policy. His emphasis was on deliberate acts—artificially induced famines, for example, and the willful dismantling of public-health aid and infrastructure.

Atul Gawande, who was a leading administrator at U.S.A.I.D. until the Trump Administration’s DOGE initiative, led by Elon Musk, set about defunding and destroying the agency, is a surgeon and a longtime New Yorker contributor. In our latest conversation for The New Yorker Radio Hour, Gawande uses Rhodes’s concept to help describe the colossal human cost that Musk and DOGE have exacted on the world. Gawande, backed up by recent academic studies, says that the decimation of U.S.A.I.D. around the globe has been responsible for some seven hundred thousand deaths, and that number will likely ascend into the seven figures. The policy is not only immeasurably cruel, Gawande argues; it is also stupid, badly undermining what remains of American soft power and prestige, from Africa to Latin America. Our conversation has been edited for clarity and length.

Atul, Elon Musk claims there’s no evidence at all that DOGE cuts to U.S.A.I.D. led to even a single death. He tweeted—and I’m quoting here—that “no validated medical funding was stopped,” and that “legitimate life saving funding continued.” You’ve replied saying that the reduction in life-saving aid has already led to no fewer than seven hundred thousand deaths. How did you come to that number?

The seven-hundred-plus thousand that have been estimated to have died at the end of a year since the U.S.A.I.D. closure comes from a couple of different sources. One is a Boston University estimate. A separate one comes from an international study published in The Lancet, looking at the impact U.S.A.I.D. had over the past twenty years—saving ninety-two million lives—and projecting, based on the cuts that have occurred, how many deaths have occurred, and they came up with a very similar number. This is what pissed off Elon Musk. Representative Ro Khanna cited the estimate that 4.5 million children, just children, could die by the end of 2030. The precision of the numbers is a question, but it’s clear that it’s, at minimum, tens of thousands in 2025, and very likely hundreds of thousands.

This is an enormous number, so I think it would be worth specifying: people where? People dying of what? Maybe if you could put some more specificity on this, then it ceases to be just a gigantic number.

Yeah—this is an example of what Richard Rhodes, the historian, called “public man-made death.” A big part of what U.S.A.I.D. did was humanitarian response: disaster relief for tens of millions of people who are fleeing war or in conflict zones or were driven out by floods, and those kinds of things. W.H.O. estimates that, where eighty million people were reached by emergency-health services in 2024, that number in 2025 dropped by more than fifty million people. That included, for example, fourteen million people who were victims of severe, acute malnutrition. 2.5 million of them were children.

Like, a peanut bar that gives you your calories for the day, distributed by community health workers, that the U.S. manufactured, but was cut off—that cut the death rate to less than one per cent. That’s just one category. Another one is childbirth. You know, many of these people who are being forced out of their homes are pregnant. They deliver thousands of babies, and die when they have no services. Another example is Ukraine, which was the biggest single beneficiary of aid—and that was energy infrastructure that kept heat going. It was services for three and a half million children and pregnant women displaced from their homes.

I could go into the H.I.V. story. I could go into the tuberculosis story. I could go into the ways that U.S.A.I.D. was insuring that vaccines were going out in the world. We’re not even beginning to see the vaccine-preventable deaths, the H.I.V. deaths, the TB deaths rise. We know these are only going to grow with time.

Atul, there’s a great deal of discussion about the number seven hundred thousand and the mortality data itself. Help me on that.

One of the complaints is: these are projections. And therefore the projections are fake. When will we actually know what the child-mortality rates are? It’s going to be a while. The U.S. was the provider of some of the best, highest-quality data in the world—out of U.S.A.I.D., which was dismantled. The inspectors general who would be doing audits and investigations to show what systems were broken—they fired the inspector general at U.S.A.I.D. and have intimidated the I.G.s from doing those kinds of investigations. And so the result is, in the best of circumstances, we will have data over the next two to three years.

This is not like deaths of war, where there are mass graves. You have a jump in child mortality from three per cent to four per cent. That’s a one-third jump. And yet, when you’re in a community that has a ninety-seven-per-cent survival rate versus a ninety-six-per-cent survival rate, you don’t feel it, and you don’t see it just from people walking around. We’ve been compiling a tracker. I say “we”—I have put together a team, a group of reporters and journalists that have been compiling all of these reports. And, already, they have documented not only the systems that have gone down but twelve hundred different individually identified people who have directly died from the shutdown of foreign aid.

Musk’s defenders have responded saying that the United States shouldn’t be responsible for taking care of people around the world. What do you say to that argument?

When J.F.K. argued for U.S.A.I.D., he was arguing that assistance abroad, first and foremost, was also assistance to the United States itself. One of the direct benefits to the United States was eradicating polio in the world, eradicating outbreaks. We were the driver of eradicating smallpox, interestingly, with the Soviet Union as the instigator of the idea. This was rooted in the Marshall Plan: the idea that, instead of pillaging the world around us as other nations were defeated in war or weakened, we would invest—invest in their liberty, invest in their economic capacity, invest in their survival. And the result was thirteen out of the top fifteen trade partners of the United States received assistance from the United States along the way, whether it was Germany, or South Korea, or India, or then places like Mexico and Latin America, and now we see Africa starting to become middle-income along the way.

Total foreign aid from the United States was in the sixty-billion-dollar range, got cut by more than sixty per cent, and then what was left has been sort of turned into “Give me your critical minerals or I won’t give you H.I.V. drugs.” This goes hand in hand with an approach that says, “We don’t coöperate in the world, we try to dominate.” U.S.A.I.D. couldn’t be more opposite in its approach.

You mentioned J.F.K. Let me mention R.F.K., Jr. I haven’t heard that much about him in this context. What has he been doing with the C.D.C. and other agencies that fall under Health and Human Services, his agency? What’s he had to say about all this?

First of all, he’s reached beyond H.H.S. by stepping in to block foreign assistance—with White House backing—for vaccines around the world. But, within the H.H.S., C.D.C. is hollowed out as an organization capable of acting, abroad or at home, in public health. More than a quarter of their staffing has been removed. Their laboratories have been shuttered, significant parts of them. The vaccine-advisory committees that are needed to approve vaccines are not functioning at this point, and it’s going to take a while to recover that. C.D.C. can recover it, because they still have an institution. They still have budgets that can be restored. It will take a while to build the expertise and infrastructure. U.S.A.I.D. is a shell and will be hard to bring back. It will take time for countries to trust that every election does not become a change in the goals in the first place.

It takes years to eradicate polio, years to build their surveillance for pandemics, years to reduce malnutrition in the world. And if we’re divided about that, and that becomes political fodder, then the institutions can’t function. We won’t be able to make a way forward. So, I’d say, the No. 1 thing to restore capacity is getting back to a place where we believe that these kinds of institutions are what we all want.

Atul, you can’t read anybody’s mind, but what was Elon Musk’s motivation when it came to cutting U.S.A.I.D. so severely?

The approach of DOGE was like the approach he’s taken with companies like Twitter: take over, slash and burn, and, if anything’s broken, we’ll fix it after. That continues, to this day, to be his argument.

So it’s the vanity of an efficiency expert.

Only he’s destroying in the name of efficiency, and left no efficiency behind at all. He came in believing you could cut two trillion dollars out of government, and it hit the shoals of U.S.A.I.D.—this obscure agency accounting for less than ten dollars per American taxpayer per month—and, within weeks, suddenly it became apparent that there would be catastrophic loss of life, and it made the enterprise incredibly unpopular. He thought this was going to be, you know, a weekend and we’ll move on, and it didn’t turn out to be the case at all.

I wonder if you could give a specific example of a program that went down in flames in this effort, and what the effect of its destruction has been, in concrete terms.

The TB program, which dealt with a long-term effort to try to reverse what is still the biggest infectious killer in the world—and there are drug-resistant strains that are now evading our current arsenal of TB drugs. That work involved a project that I was part of that brought chest X-rays that were read by an A.I. reader, for countries that didn’t have a radiologist. You would screen, get a molecular test the same day, and be able to be put on treatment and follow-up, so that you stay on your medicines, because you have to stay on your medicines for a year. Those trials, the innovation was stopped. The programs to roll out the innovations that have been created were stopped. In South Africa, in Mozambique, in other places like that, where you had high rates of TB, they have now seen the tuberculosis deaths starting to rise. The cases have grown by multiples—and they have the names of people who’ve died.

A couple of things happened financially in the world in the past month. The first is that we have now conclusively discovered that the President of the United States—who we have to say is the person most responsible for this—has enriched himself and his family by, at the very least, a couple of billion dollars in cryptocurrency scams that have taken hold while he’s been President. And Elon Musk has become the first trillionaire in the history of humanity. When you think about this, what possibly motivates these two unbelievably wealthy human beings to exact what seems to me, and certainly seems to you, such ruthless destruction on the health of humanity? What could possibly motivate them? And here I’m enlisting someone who is a surgeon as a possible psychiatrist.

Let me put it this way. In the memorandums of understanding that they now make with countries where they are putting some foreign assistance in, you don’t see commitment to goals like “We’re going to reduce the over-all mortality for children in the world. We’re going to stop neglected tropical diseases.” And the U.S. has led the way in eliminating conditions that ranged from leprosy to river blindness. It’s unimaginable that this is a group of people who would commit to such goals. They see them as woke. They see them as signs of weakness. Their view of the world is—

Wait, wait, wait. How is it “woke” to save the lives of children? Is it because they’re not white European children, in the main?

The world view, the actions that you see, are that you believe the world is an amoral, ruthless “Mad Max” world of the dominators and the dominated, and it is woke to believe that we can come together and solve problems. It is naïveté—and, worse, it’s a distraction from the fact that we’re in a battle, and the world is governed by those who are strong, dominating the weak.

I’ve never had the impression that Trump voters wanted this—that Trump voters were voting for Trump the first time, the second time, or the third time because they wanted to see aid to really disadvantaged populations all around the world dry up and disappear, leading to hundreds of thousands of deaths.

I couldn’t agree more. That has been extremely unpopular. As the word filtered out of abandoning H.I.V. patients, people in clinical trials, you name it . . . the U.S., across both parties and independents, reacted with horror.

What is your sense of how reversible this is? In other words, how much more damage is going to be done, and how much is it possible to put this terrible genie back in its bottle, if that’s the right metaphor?

It’s so unpopular that both Republicans and Democrats in the House and the Senate voted for restoring the budget for foreign aid. They also refused to end and close down U.S.A.I.D. completely, so it exists on paper. And they want the President and his officials to spend the funds on the things they specified—the power of the purse includes instructing the executive branch. It’s already become apparent to the Administration that they need these functions after all. They are now attempting to rehire into the State Department disaster-assistance teams that were dismantled, but they have none of the infrastructure we had, with offices and embassies around the world, depots that had stockpiles ready to go. And it’s not clear they have the intent, but they know that it’s unpopular, so they’re trying to say, “We’re doing some of this stuff.”

So, let’s assume the best thing happens: the money is restored, the infrastructure is rebuilt. In the end, what will be the damage report for this adventure in DOGE?

It’s already public man-made death. We’re at hundreds of thousands of dead. We’re seeing the signs of reversal of gains in H.I.V. I just received information from the African Neonatal Network, and they already have spikes in pregnant women with untreated H.I.V delivering babies. So we know these conditions are getting worse.

It’s not just Democrats turning some of these things back on. We have to have a bipartisan commitment about the idea of the role the United States plays in discovering solutions, coöperating and leading the world together, to get them out into the world, and to set high standards for what the world can accomplish. That’ll take time. But it’s going to be millions of deaths.

Millions of deaths?

It’s millions of deaths.

Earlier, I asked you to be a psychiatrist. Now I’m asking you to be a political analyst—and both things are asking a lot. Who will be held accountable by either the law or, more likely, history in this episode? And let’s hope it’s a limited episode. How will the amount of destruction and death be accounted? And what effect do you think it’ll have on the lives of those responsible for executing this?

I think the reason why Elon Musk, the same month he’s been made a trillionaire, is screaming online and aloud at congressmen and others, and responding to things that I put online, is because he believes he’s going to be held accountable by history.

Trump routinely asks publicly—and, reportedly, privately—about whether he’s going to hell or not. And the anger that is directed at those who suggest there has been public man-made death, the anger comes from the cognitive dissonance between what they want to think they are—world dominators, people who will be remembered in history as having done good—they can’t countenance the image that is suggested by this, which is that they are monsters.

Atul, you were in South Sudan not long ago. Tell me, why were you there in the first place, and what were you trying to find out?

The United States has been instrumental in supporting its very establishment as a country. It’s the youngest country in the world. It has still unresolved political issues and conflicts that have left people very vulnerable, and providing aid against suffering has been a key thing that the United States did. The subcounties I visited, where these primary-health-care centers were, did not have intact government services otherwise.

Who did you talk to?

I met with, first of all, a woman named Angelina David, who is the clinical manager in Panyijiar for the International Rescue Committee clinics. She was overseeing the clinics that were shut down and could tell me exactly what happened. It was a complete shutdown, and a scramble, because there were medicines and other things on the shelves they didn’t want looted, so they had to get out to these places—and they’re very far away. You have to travel, in some cases, seven or eight hours in order to get to the extent of what’s there.

I then went and visited some of those facilities, and I connected, with her help, to the subcounty chiefs—they’re called the payam administrators—who keep their own records of deaths. So one of the things I found was that their own records showed that they are measuring an over-all tenfold increase in child and adult deaths.

Wait. A tenfold increase?

Yes.

And how much of that increase can be put at the feet of DOGE and the cutting of American aid?

I can’t exactly parse it out, but a huge amount of it. You know, it went from forty-two deaths in those seven subcounties for children, for example, over two years, 2023 to 2024, and those deaths rose to two hundred and fourteen, that they recorded.

I also met with villagers and learned of dozens of cases of direct effects. I’ll give you an example. One was a woman I met in a community called Machar, and her name was Nyajiek Gai Guol. Her niece was staying with her, a two-year-old girl, who developed the symptoms of pneumonia. The clinic that would have been there to take the girl to was no longer there. In order to travel, she had to go three hours, walking and by canoe.

The girl arrived alive. They attempted to do resuscitation. She had already gone into organ failure, and died. Completely avoidable. And I found numerous cases like these.

I have to say, not only must this make you beyond furious—the people there, their attitude toward the United States must be transformed, no?

It’s heartbreaking and devastating to see the people we’ve abandoned. They, first and foremost, are furious at their own government. These are people with leaders who have been at war with one another on and off for a couple of decades. Part of our role there has been to be a steady force of support against suffering. America is loved there, and that has not faded.

How is that possible?

Because we’ve generally been there, and there is belief that we have not yet completely abandoned them, that we may yet come back. They know Trump has done it. When I left, however—this was the first time I’d seen this—there was someone from China Aid. China has rebranded their agency in providing coöperation and assistance. And there was an official coming to visit to offer their capabilities.

Let’s say that, in the best scenario, the system is reconstructed. What will that require? And, if the best scenario comes about, what do you think, ultimately, the death toll will be?

You know, my parents came from India, and India was a place of starvation and recurrent droughts, and, with support that lasted a quarter century, emerged after the Green Revolution and food aid as a place that was a food exporter and a breadbasket to the world. And, if we’re not committed to this fundamental proposition, then nothing happens. If we are committed, as we were—as the vast majority of Americans were, for six decades—then incredible things happen. If we believed in it today, we could stop this from being in the millions. The only reason I predict that it gets to seven figures is because we’re so deeply divided over everything right now, as a country. We’ll halt worsening the damage, but it’ll take joint effort to actually stop it and regain our momentum. ♦